почему эволюция продолжается

Источник: https://whyevolutionistrue.com/

Сегодня у нас есть еще одна партия гавайских растений (местных и неродных), сфотографированных Эмилио д’Ализе (первые наборы здесь и далее). Удостоверений личности нет, поэтому, если вы знаете, что изображено на фотографии, пожалуйста, укажите это в комментариях. Заметки Эмилио:

Живя на Гавайях, я много чего фотографировал. Иногда я соединял свой D7000 с отличным макрообъективом Nikon 105 мм f / 2.8 VR для фотосъемки цветов в окрестностях Коны или в парке Старого аэропорта Коны. Вот некоторые из этих фотографий. Было время, когда я бы изучила названия всех без исключения цветов… это время прошло. Сейчас я просто наслаждаюсь ими. Если кому-то действительно нужно знать все без исключения, ВОТ ссылка на гавайские цветы, но знайте, что в прошлом мне не очень везло ни с какими, кроме самых распространенных сортов. Кроме того, некоторые виды являются импортными и не произрастают на островах, их можно увидеть только в садах и на территории курортов или комплексов кондоминиумов. https://www.to-hawaii.com/flora.php  

Flowers and plants in Hawaii

Oleander

Oleander

Hawaiian Orchid

Hawaiian Orchid

Bird of Paradise

Bird of Paradise

Plumeria lei

Plumeria lei

Tahitian Gardenia

Tahitian Gardenia

Yellow Plumeria

Yellow Plumeria

Hawaiian Orchid

Hawaiian Orchid

Yellow Hibiscus

Yellow Hibiscus

Red Ginger

Red Ginger

Lehua Blossoms

Lehua Blossoms

Гавайская флора прекрасна и разнообразна. Являясь субтропическим регионом, Гавайи отличаются круглогодичным теплым климатом и почвой, насыщенной вулканическим пеплом — двумя элементами, которые играют важную роль в здоровом выращивании самых разнообразных цветов и растений. Существует три категории гавайской флоры – эндемичная, аборигенная и интродуцированная. Эндемик относится к тем цветам, растениям и деревьям, которые встречаются только на Гавайях. Это цветущие и нецветущие растения и деревья, которые были завезены на Гавайи естественным путем, таким как ветер, приливы и отливы и птицы. Абориген относится к тем видам, которые произрастают на Гавайских островах, но встречаются в других частях света. Третья категория включает чужеродные или интродуцированные виды растений. Это растения, привезенные на Гавайи людьми.

Задолго до заселения человеком Гавайской островной цепи острова были лишены растительной или животной жизни. На протяжении тысячелетий семена, насекомые и птицы попадали на Гавайский архипелаг. Заселение островов таким образом происходило медленно — подсчитано, что каждые 90 000 лет в гавайский ландшафт добавлялось только одно растение.

Первые полинезийские путешественники, прибывшие на Гавайи примерно в 500-800 годах нашей эры, привезли с собой растения, необходимые им в пищу, такие как плоды хлебного дерева, таро, бананы, сладкий картофель и сахарный тростник. Другие растения, которые они привезли, были необходимы в качестве строительных материалов, например, завод ti по производству одежды. Более поздние поселенцы привезли манго, папайю, ананасы, маракуйю и разнообразные овощи, а также цветы, в том числе плюмерию, орхидеи, протею, геликонию, имбирь, жасмин (пикаке) и гибискус.

Прибытие первых поселенцев на Гавайи со своими растениями и животными повлияло на гавайскую флору двояко. С одной стороны, это привело к более разнообразной гавайской флоре. На островах были завезены и произрастали новые виды растений. С другой стороны, это привело к исчезновению многих эндемичных сортов. Некоторые интродуцированные виды растений быстро растут и приводят к вытеснению местных и эндемичных видов. Эти интродуцированные виды также называются угрозыинвазивными видами. Неспособные адаптироваться к изменениям окружающей среды, многие эндемичные растения постепенно погибали и исчезали с течением времени. По оценкам, с начала заселения островов человеком каждые девять месяцев исчезало одно эндемичное растение.

Из 50 000 гавайских эндемичных видов сегодня сохранилось только 2600. По данным Службы охраны рыбных ресурсов и дикой природы США (USFWS), из этих 2600 оставшихся эндемичных видов примерно 30% находятся под угрозой исчезновения. В 2003 году USFWS внесла в список 273 местных растения, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения. Согласно списку США, половина видов растений в мире, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, произрастает на Гавайях.

Гавайские деревья

Деревья на островах растут в богатом разнообразии. Два эндемичных гавайских дерева — коа и охи’а. Дерево коа (Acacia koa) — самое старое известное дерево на островах. Это одно из самых высоких деревьев на Гавайях, достигающее высоты до 70 футов (21 м) и около 10 футов (3 м) в окружности. У этого дерева очень прочная древесина, и оно имеет множество применений. Гавайцы использовали ствол дерева для постройки лодок или каноэ. Поскольку коа устойчив к воздействию соленой воды, его также можно использовать для изготовления досок для серфинга. Также известное как гавайское красное дерево, это дерево называют королем леса. До сегодняшнего дня коа считается превосходной древесиной для мебели. Раньше на Гавайях в изобилии росли деревья коа, но сегодня они в основном встречаются в заповедниках. Чтобы защитить оставшиеся деревья коа на Гавайях, есть несколько плантаций коа, которые используются в коммерческих целях, включая изготовление сувениров.

Охи’а (Metrosideros polymorpha) — самый распространенный эндемичный вид деревьев на Гавайях. Эта порода деревьев произрастает в самых разных размерах. Самые высокие из них могут достигать высоты до 100 футов (30 м) и обычно встречаются на более высоких и прохладных возвышенностях. Главной характеристикой дерева охиа является его оранжево-красный цветок (иногда он также может быть желтым или белым). Согласно древней гавайской легенде о богине огня Пеле, цветок охи’а является священным. Гавайцы использовали древесину охи’а для постройки каноэ и посуды, такой как чаши пои.

Ниже приведен обзор цветов и растений на Гавайях. Кроме того, вы также можете ознакомиться с нашим путеводителем по деревьям на Гавайях./ Below is an overview of flowers and plants in Hawaii. In addition you can also see our guide to trees in Hawaii.

Hawaii Flowers and Plants

Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica)
This is a sturdy vine with firm and shiny leaves. Allamanda blooms continuously and can grow to a height of 50 feet (15 m). However, it needs a fence or trellis for support, as well as well-watered soil. Read More
Amaryllis Barbados Lily (Hippeastrum puniceum)
Native to the American tropics, the amaryllis grows in moist Hawaiian pastures. One common type of amaryllis is the “Pink Lady.” There are more than 70 species of this plant. Read More
Anthurium (Anthurium, various names)
Anthurium is a popular cut flower. It was brought to Hawaii in 1889 by S.M. Damon from England. It grows best in humid conditions and needs protection from sun and wind. Read More
Banana Blossom (Musa x paradisiaca)
Most people are familiar with the banana fruit, but not so much with the plant’s blossom. It is a pretty purple flower. There are hundreds of varieties of this plant. The main part of the banana is underground. Read More
Naupaka (Scaevola)
Naupaka is Hawaii’s most common beach plant. The flowers are yellow-white in color. After the flower forms, it splits along one seam and then fans out, which makes it look like half a flower. Read More
Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae)
The Bird of Paradise is native to South Africa. People who speak English in Europe and Africa call it Cranes Bill or the Crane Flower. It is a close relative of the banana and the heliconia. Read More
Black-Eyed Susan (Thunbergia alata)
In Hawaii, this orange or yellow flower with a purple center can be seen on many hillsides. It is a vigorous vine that grows quickly. Black-eyed Susan is a native of Africa. Read More
Blue Ginger (Dichorisandra thyrsiflora)
Blue Ginger has shiny green leaves and nice purple-blue flowers. It grows on stems that are between 3-6 feet (0.9-1.8 m) tall. It is a relative of the wandering jew and the spiderwort plants. Read More
Bougainvillea
Bougainvillea grow well in a hot and dry climate. In Hawaii, they can be seen in many leeward coast communities. Bougainvillea don’t need much water and love sunny weather. Read More
Canna (Canna indica)
Canna was brought to Hawaii shortly after Captain Cook’s arrival in the Islands. The seeds are used for making leis and musical instruments, such as rattle-beads. The plant grows in Hawaii’s wet forests. Read More
Cigar Flower (Cuphea ignea)
This tight-leaved shrub has many tube-shaped red flowers. The plant’s name refers to the flower’s ash-colored tips. Hawaiians grew this plant beginning in the mid-19th century as a lei flower. Read More
Coffee (Coffea arabica)
Coffee was first brought to Hawaii in 1823 and planted in Manoa Valley on Oahu. Today, coffee is grown on Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Molokai and the Big Island. The Big Island has more than 600 coffee farms. Read More
Coral Plant (Hibiscus schizopetalus)
Native to east Africa, the coral plant is a shrub that grows hanging red flowers. The flower’s petals are divided into frills, which curl back and expose the long red staminal column and its curving tip. Read More
Croton (Codiaeum variegatum)
Croton plants are known for being robust, dependable shrubbery. In Hawaii, the colored-leaf varieties are the most commonly seen yard plants. The leaves have a variety of colors. Read More
Crown Flower (Calotropis gigantea)
The crown flower has blossoms that are used in lei-making. Crown flower leis have royal symbolism. The blossom’s petals roll back and expose what looks like a small crown. Read More 

Cup of Gold (Solandra maxima)
This is a fast-growing vine that prefers a humid climate, such as rainforests. Its name refers to the large up to 9-inch (23 cm) wide yellow blossom. It is streaked with purple and emits a sweet scent. Read More
Elephant's Ear (Alocasia macrorrhiza)
Polynesian navigators brought this plant with them wherever they traveled. Its stem can be baked and eaten when no other foods are available. It is a native of India and Sri LankaRead More
Evening Primrose (Oenothera)
The evening primrose can be found on all the Earth’s continents except Antarctica. The flowers bloom each day around sunset. The following day the flowers turn red and fall down. Read More

Firecracker Plant (Russelia equisetiformis)
This shrub grows up to a height of 4 feet (1.2 m) and rarely has leaves. Instead, it grows many tubular, inch-long flowers that look like red firecrackers. The plant blooms year-round. Read More
Fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica)
Fuchsia’s Hawaiian name, kulapepeiao, means “earring,” probably referring to the way the flowers dangle on the stems. Fuchsia can be found in Hawaii’s wet forests and other damp areas. Read More
Galphimia Glauca (Malphigia)
This shrub grows bright yellow flowers with red stamens. It grows to a height of up to 6 feet (1.8 m) and produces flowers year-round. Its leaves grow in pairs and are about 2 inches (5 cm) long. Read More
Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides)
The gardenia are a favorite lei plant in Hawaii because of the sweet scent they emit. The plant, which is native to China, thrives in Hawaii. The shrub can reach a height of 6 feet (1.8 m). Read More
Glory Bush (Tibouchina urvilleana)
The glory bush is truly glorious and beautiful. The plant has deep purple flowers with red flower buds and green leaves with a silvery underside. Once it grows in one area, it likes to spread. Read More
Heliconia
Closely related to the banana, the heliconia has a sturdy leaf stalk that can grow up to 20 feet (6 m) tall. The actual flowers are rather small, growing inside large, brightly colored bracts. Read More
Hibiscus
In 1923, the Territory of Hawaii passed a law that made Hibiscus Hawaii’s official state flower. This native hibiscus species is known as ma’o hau hele in the Hawaiian language. Read More
Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana)
Impatiens flowers measure about 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) across and have a thin, curving spur. As soon as the green fruit is ripe, it opens and scatters the seeds. The flower is also called “touch me not.” Read More
Ixora (Ixora coccinea)
Ixora is a popular landscaping shrub in Hawaii’s coastal regions. Its bright red colors are a pretty sight. It also makes for a good cut flower and individual flowers can be strung into a lei. Read More
Lantana (Lantana camara)
Lantana is a shrub that blooms continuously. The bright yellow-orange flowers look pretty, but the shrub is armed with thorns and the plant often grows into an impenetrable thicket. Read More
Lilikoi (Passiflora edulis)
There are at least 11 species of lilikoi in Hawaii, all of them are not native to the Islands. Two varieties produce an edible fruit, one of which has a purple rind and the other a yellow one. Read More
Montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiflora)
The bright orange Montbretia can be found on all Hawaiian islands. It is a hardy flower that doesn’t produce fertile seeds. It reproduces itself via thick underground stems called corms. Read More
Morning Glory (Ipomoea, various names)
Ipomoea includes about 500 individual species. In Hawaii, 14 species are native. In the 19th century, Chinese immigrants brought the edible Ipomoea aquatica (also known as ung-choi in Asian cuisines) to Hawaii. Read More
Mock Orange (Murraya paniculata)
Mock Orange is a shrub with thick foliage and sweet-smelling white flowers. The flowers typically bloom in summer and fall. It can grow to be as tall as a tree, but it is usually kept as a hedge about 6-8 feet (1.8-2.4 m) in height. Read More
Night-blooming Cereus (Hylocereus undatus)
The first night-blooming cereus arrived in Hawaii in 1830 aboard the sailing ship Ivanhoe. The plant has a fleshy stem with aerial roots, which makes it capable of climbing up trees and walls. Read More
Oleander (Nerium oleander)
Oleander is a sturdy shrub that can easily handle wind, salt and even a drought. It is always blooming and because of this, it is a favorite in many gardens. Its flowers emit a sweet fragrance and can be pink, rose, red or white. Read More
Orchid (Orchidaceae)
The orchid family includes more than 600 genera and comprises about 30,000 species. These species of orchid are very vibrant and they make great gifts. The most popular genera in Hawaii are the Dendrobium and the Epidendrum.
Persian Shield (Strobilanthes)
The Persian Shield grows well in Hawaii, but prefers shade. Its leaves have a nice purple-lavender color. This is a tropical plant that is native to Myanmar. Read More
Pikake (Jasminum sambac)
Pikake is one of Hawaii’s most popular lei plants. This kind of jasmine is known for its sweet scent. The Hawaiian name pikake, meaning “peacock,” refers to these birds which Princess Kaiulani loved. Read More
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Pineapple was first introduced to Hawaii in the early 19th century. By the mid-20th century Hawaii was producing about 80 percent of the world’s pineapple. The plant produces the first fruit after two years of being planted. Read More
Pink Mandevilla
The Pink Mandevilla is a beautiful flower but to grow nicely it needs a fence or trellis for support, as well as well-watered soil. But it rewards the gardener with pretty pink, bell-shaped flowers. Read More
Pink Powderpuff (Calliandra haematocephala)
Native of Bolivia, the Pink Powderpuff resembles the Hawaiian ohi’a lehua. That’s why in Hawaii people refer to it as “lehua haole,” meaning “foreign lehua.” The flower usually blooms in the summer and fall. Read More
Plumbago (Plumbago auriculata)
Plumbago is known for its powdery-blue or white flowers, which are in bloom all year long. It needs little care. Plumbago is native to South Africa and in Hawaii, it is a common hedge plant. Read More
Plumeria
Plumeria is one of the most popular flowers in Hawaii. It is commercially grown for the flower lei industry. They have a sweet scent and their blossoms can easily be put on a string, making them perfect lei flowers. Read More
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
Poinsettias are widely known as the “Christmas” flower of Mexico. It is a popular potted plant. In Hawaii, poinsettia also grows in gardens and up to a height of 12 feet (3.7 m). It blooms from November through March. Read More
Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)
This plant is an unusual sight for many visitors to Hawaii, who are expecting colorful blossoms like hibiscus and plumeria. The prickly pear is a tree-sized cactus. Its Hawaiian name is Panini, meaning “very unfriendly wall.” Read More
Protea
Proteas are very sturdy flowers that last for a long time when arranged in a vase. They look nice for weeks and even keep their form when dried. The plant’s native habitat is South Africa and Australia. Read More
Queen Emma Lily (Crinum augustum)
This flower is associated with Hawaiian royalty. Queen Emma was the wife of King Kamehameha IV. This plant was one of Queen Emma’s favorites. It is native to Mauritius and the Seychelles. Read More
Red Ginger (Alpinia purpurata)
Red Ginger is sometimes called Pink Cone Ginger or Ostrich Plume. It is a native Malaysian plant with bright red bracts. These look like the bloom, but the actual flower is the small white flower at the top. Read More

Shrimp Plant (Justicia brandegeana)
The Shrimp Plant is known for its interesting blossoms, which overlap and have an intense orange-red color. The flowers form a curving spike and are up to 4 inches (10 cm) long. Read More
Silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense)
The silversword is a unique Hawaiian plant. It is endemic to Maui’s Haleakala and the Big Island’s Mauna Kea regions and grows nowhere else in the world. The silversword blooms just once in its life. Read More
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
Sugarcane is a large grass and the source of sugar. When the early Polynesians traveled to Hawaii in their canoes, they brought sugarcane with them. Their general name for this plant was “ko,” but they had names for 40 different varieties. Read More
Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
Taro was an important plant for the ancient Hawaiians. It was a main staple. All parts of this marsh plant are edible, from the starchy root to the spinach-like leaves. The root is cooked and pounded into poi. Read More
Ti (Cordyline fruticosa)
Ti was widely used by the ancient Hawaiians. It is easy to grow, very versatile and was used for making roofs, ropes, sandals and clothing. In the kitchen, ti leaves can be used as food wraps, plates and cups. Read More

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)
Known for its pleasant scent, tuberose have cream-colored blossoms which in Hawaii are used for flower lei making. They are also sold as cut flowers. Tuberose prefers moist soil and grows from underground stems. Read More
Turks Cap (Malvaviscus arboreus)
This tall shrub is known for its bright scarlet flowers. It is a relative to the hibiscus, but with the difference that its flowers stay closed. Its petals are rolled up into a tube. Read More
Wax Vine (Hoya carnosa)
Wax vine has interesting, fragrant blossoms that look soft and velvety to the touch. They are pink and white in color and the plant has thick leaves. The vine, however, is rather delicate and needs support to grow. Read More